Juvenile Detention Centers And Its Impact On Rehabilitation

Chapter Two Literature Review Introduction The juvenile justice system in America has been through numerous phases of growth. In recent years, it has endured extensive changes that have taken place as a product of reforms made to revitalize the innovative principle of juvenile justice, the idea of bringing individual justice and treatment to the heart of the system. This assessment of related literature looks particularly at the accessible studies on juvenile detention centers in order to prove the negative effects of taking a disciplinary approach in juvenile justice. It starts with an historical evaluation in order to place the increase of detention centers in context. This paper subsequently goes on to talk about detailed problems†¦show more content†¦Finally, literature on the juvenile justice system often focuses on program implementation and effectiveness at addressing rehabilitation, as well as diversion techniques within the system (Greenwood, 2008). This review audits these problems in detail and estab lishes them within the bigger struggle in the juvenile justice system to rehabilitate youth offenders. Historical Context Juvenile justice has proved to be as imprudent as it is practical. Snyder and Sickmund (1999) found that as early as 1825, there was a significant push to establish a separate juvenile justice system focused on rehabilitation and treatment. The procedure continued to stay focused on the rehabilitation of a person, even though financial support and assets sustained to hold back its achievement. In reaction to rising juvenile crime rates in the 1980s’, more corrective laws were approved (Snyder and Sickmund 1999). In the 1990s, the United States legal system took further steps regarding transfer provisions that lowered the threshold at which juveniles could be tried in criminal court and sentenced to adult prison (Snyder and Sickmund 1999). Furthermore, laws were enacted that allowed prosecutors and judges more discretion in their sentencing options; and confidentiality standards, which made juvenile court proceedings and records more available to the pub lic (Snyder and Sickmund 1999), were reduced. Simpson (1976) found that other recent

Essay on Aging in Australia - 1730 Words

Dylan Kowalchuk Aging in Australia Plymouth State University This paper focuses on aging in Australia, the different policies and services for the aging population, and provides some examples about what it would be like to age in Australia. First, it is important to understand the age care policy in Australia. There are four different components to this policy: the old-aged pension system, pursuit of the aging-in-place policy, self-funded services and supports, and residential and frail aged care. The aged care policy in Australia is â€Å"built on the premise of independence and individualization and assumes that older people will remain in the community for as long as they are able to† (Gray amp; Heinsch, 2009, p. 108). In order to†¦show more content†¦One of the interesting things about this portion of the aged care policy is that there is a significant gender difference surrounding it. It has been observed in Australia that women are generally poorer than men when they retire and that they prepare less for this period of t ime (Gray amp; Heinsch, 2009). There are a few different reasons for this phenomenon as illustrated by Gray and Heinsch (2009): â€Å"women feel that retirement planning is a male role, and that they will be taken care of; women find existing preretirement planning programs are generic, male or couple oriented, and do not address women’s specific needs and situations; women are traditionally ‘otherfocused’ and place their wellbeing behind nurturing others; and women may not feel they have a locus of control.† It is fascinating that these differences are illustrated, and they really make a lot of sense. The point about how women place their wellbeing behind nurturing others is really key; it is discussed so much in class about how women are often placed with the pressures of caring for their elderly parents or family. It is really interesting that this theme of caring for others seems to follow women up until and through their own retirement, when self-care is truly essential. It is really important as a social worker working with this population that women are reached out to and informed about theShow MoreRelatedJapan And Australia On Population Aging1384 Words   |  6 Pagesof Japan and Australia on Population Aging As time goes on, more and more countries come into population aging period. Population aging means the ratio of 65 years or above is over 7%, or the ratio of 60 years old or above is over 10%. Japan has the most serious aging problem in the world, and as predicted, after several decades there will be no Japanese populations without taking response measures. Australia also faces with the population aging problem duringRead MoreCauses Of Death Within Australia Is Cardiovascular Disease With The Aging Population Being At An Increased Risk1827 Words   |  8 PagesOne of the most leading causes of death within Australia is cardiovascular disease with the aging population being at an increased risk; within Australia 29.2% who are over the age of 75 will have some type of cardiac disease (Australian Bureau of Statistics 2013). The aim of this essay is to use the nursing process as a tool to work through an issue that may arise post angiogram to provide appropriate plan of care, the issues that will be focused on throughout this paper is bleeding. This paperRead MorePopulation Report Of Tasmania. Introduction . Population1551 Words   |  7 Pagesof a series of planning implications and recommendations. 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Analysis of Impulse Pty Ltd

Questions: Impulse Pty Ltd (Impulse) is an entertainment system manufacturer that was established in 2005. Your audit firm King Queen have been the auditor of Impulse since its formation. The audit report for the year ended 30 June 2012 was unqualified. Although Impulse had been suffering liquidity problems with a drop in both debtors turnover and inventory turnover, King Queen did not consider that any additional audit work was necessary in regard to the valuation of these assets. In August 2012, Impulse obtained a large loan from a finance company, Easy Finance Limited (EFL), to provide additional working capital. However, Impulse continued to experience severe trading problems and was placed in liquidation in December 2012. King Queen has been notified by EFLs solicitors that they are taking action against your firm based on the audit of the 30 June 2012 financial report. EFL claim that the cause of Impulses failure related to the inadequate provision for doubtful debts and a fall in the value of inventories on hand, and that these problems were evident at 30 June 2012, but had not been adequately dealt with in the financial report due to your negligence. They also claim that they would not have given the loan to Impulse if the 2012 financial report had been qualified. Required a) Would King Queen be liable to EFL? Provide specific case references to support your answer. b) Would your answer change if EFL had written to King Queen advising you that they intended to make a loan to Impulse and were relying on the 2012 audited financial report to assist them in making their decision? Answers: a). In the given case, Impulse Limited was issuing liquidity problems all round. They suffered a drop in the debtors turnover and inventory turnover. The company was facing issues in sustaining in the market as well. In this case, the auditors of the company in spite of knowing these facts didnt prefer highlighting the issue to the users and gave an unqualified report to the users of the company. The audit form in this case didnt prefer carrying out any additional audit work in this regard and thus considered the same as not material from the perspective of the users. The company later on went to Easy finance company and acquired additional loan to meet out the working capital requirement of the company. However, the company continues facing the trading problems and later on went into liquidation. In this case, the auditors possess information about the loopholes in the company but didnt prefer making any additional substantive procedures in this regard. Thus, the loopholes in the company i.e. the drop in the debtors turnover and inventory turnover and the liquidity problems didnt get reflected to the users of the financials in the report. The auditors in this case are expected to carry out necessary substantive audit procedure and bring this issue within the notice of the users. The auditors are under the professional liability to perform utmost care in performing their duties and are likely to bring any unusual items which may not be in the interest of the users should be brought into their notice. Thus in this case, being the auditors hasnt performed their duties, they would be held liable for Easy finance company for the losses they would have borne for the liquidation. In cases Hedley Byrne and Co Ltd v Heller and Partners (1964) AC 465 and Smith v Eric S Bush (1990) 1 AC 831; it was concluded by the Honable Justice, that Auditors are knowledgeable and skilled persons and are responsible for their carelessness due to which the third parties suffered. The auditor will continue to be held liable for the losses borne by EFL Limited irrespective to the fact that EFL would have written to the King and Queen firm asking them to place reliance on the companys audit report. b). In case of Actual independence the auditor are free from any kind of intervention from the management. The auditor in this case is not affected by the thought process of the management. The same is important as this will ensure fairness and truthfulness within the audit profession. On the other hand, under perceived independence, the society has some inbuilt perception about the auditor that their opinion is based on requirements of the Companys management. Perceived independence shows the long term relation between the auditor and his client. Sometimes due to the independence in appearance it can help the management to avoid the difficulties. Audit can be performed easily. References: Tomasic R, Auditors and reporting of illegality and financially fraud, viewed on April 23, ACCA, Professional liability of accountants and auditors, viewed on April 23, 2016. Financial Times, Definition of Auditors independence, viewed on April 23, 2016.

The Day of the Butterfly free essay sample

Honest, critical but not prejudiced or judgemental: comments about Myra having the smell of fruit or her clothes, which objectively point out her difference from others but does not judge her with contempt Characterisation: -Myra a)Looks awkward (sleepy eyes suggests she is tired or heavy-laden with worry unlike other carefree children; her clothes too big for her suggest she has to take on an adult role when she is too young to do it) b)uncommunicative girl who doesn’t fit in with the rest of the class c)poor (dress too big for her might be because it has been handed down), parents own fruit shop – she smells of ripe fruit. Her future is limited as she will probably have to help her family with the shop d)Immigrant ‘Brown skin’, her language is not American in its style ‘please teacher†¦my brother has wet himself’ e)Has to take on responsibility at a young age and does not have much opportunity to be a child f)Is quite frail and sickly – linked to poverty -Helen a)The narrator whose point of view the reader takes b)a person trying to be friendly to Myra. We will write a custom essay sample on The Day of the Butterfly or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page She is trapped between her sympathy for Myra and the rest of the class – takes the role of an ‘ally’ c) lives in the country (farm girl), also a little insecure – she used to do the same thing as Myra slowing down in case whoever was behind wanted to talk to her -Class a)A microcosm of ‘society’ b)A group that has â€Å"leaders† like Gladys Healey who bully students like Myra and â€Å"force† others, who act as followers to do the same or face similar marginalisation -Gladys Healey a)The class ‘leader’ that the other classmates follow ) She enjoys wealth and is popular because she has access to all good things associated with childhood – quality clothing -Teacher a)significant female adult character trying to help but in fact, may be more a part of the cause – artificiality (birthday party when it is not Myra’s birthday), persuading the class to play with Myra (because she is left out) â€Å"Do you think you would be very happy, if you were left back there? † b)represents the role of adults in social reproduction of class difference Mood: Reflective – which goes with the narrator reflecting on this childhood experience when she is a lot older â€Å"This sound [children playing on the street] made Myra’s future turn shadowy, turn dark. Imagery -symbol of blue butterfly, symbolising freedom