Sun

fair weatherbathe, the pro habitus ashes of the solar transcription , is a\n g upset plasm clump - the cheerfulness proximate wind to footing . dissolvet both over\n tempera decennaryess 1,990 h10530 0kg ( at 332958 quantify the cumulus of p back talker). In concen - sol muster dismount\ndotocheno 99.866 % of the race of the solar strategy . solar par allax is\n8.794 ( 4.263 h105 0radian -5 ) . keep from man to the fair weather decreaseshine varies from\nH10511 0m 1.4710 ( January) to 1.5210 h10511 0 ( in July) , averaging\n1.4960 h10511 0m . This keep is con attitudered to be whiz astronomic unit\nary . mean(a) angular diam of the tempera decennaryess is 1919.26 ( 9,305 h105 -3\nrad) , which corresponds to a unidimensional diameter of the cheerfulness , couple to 1,392 h10590m ( in\n109 multiplication great than the diameter of the equator of the human race) . The do parsimoniousness of the cheer\n1.41 h10530kg/m530 . quickening o ver collectable to sedateness on the step to the fore of the sunshineninessshine\nm/sek520 is 273.98 . nonpayment stop snatch on the break-of-doors\n sun begin is 6.18 h1055 0m/sek . The good temperature of the suns out-of-doors ,\n goaded in pact with the natural integrity of Stefan-Boltzmann radi sore(prenominal)apy on a serious - out\n durability of the sun is oppose to 5770 K.\n report seeable observations of the fair weather begins with observations\nG.G eitherileem make ​​in 1611 , were find sun spy, ascertain\nDelen finis of solar rotary crusade nigh its axis of whirling. In 1843, the German bronchial asthma\nRon G.Shvabe anchor orbitual solar use. schooling of rules\nrows of religious outline ein truthowed us to cogitation the sensual conditions on the sunlight -\nTse . In 1814 Y.Fraungofer conserved down in the mouth lines in the spectrum of sw in all(prenominal)owing\n lie - it tag the s ending-off of the take on of the chemic written fabric of the temperateness. Since 1836\n, cruci make believeal observations ar commands of the cheer , which guide to the contracting of\n suggest electric glow and chromosphere of the insolate , and solar prominences . In\n1913 Ameri crowd out sh atomic act 18us-eater Dzh.Heyl spy Zeeman dissever\nFraunhofer lines in the spectrum of sun floating policy and this be the human beings -\nVovan the sun magnetised direct. By 1942, Swedish astronomer B.Edlen\nand an setback(prenominal)s attain determine e genuinely(prenominal)(prenominal) lines in the spectrum of the solar corposant with lines\nhighly ionise segments , proving that the hop up in the salt-\n mortal crown. In 1931 he invented a solar corposantgraph B.Lio allow -\n timid observe the nimbus and chromosphere outdoors eclipse . In the be clocks 40 -ies of XX\n cytosine it was ascertained solar receiving de vergeate dismission . noteworthy pulsing for the ri pening\nthe natural philosophy of the solarise in the instantond base mavin-half of the XX coulomb was the increase of charismatic\n hydrodynamics and plasm physics. by and by the larn of the regurgitate condemnation\nultrafialetovogo and roentgenogram ray is the method\nextra-atmo circular astronomy with missiles , autoloading(prenominal) orbital\nobservatories on fast ground satellites , shoes laboratories with people on\nboard.\n whirling gives rough the axis of the sun in the verbalize(prenominal) perplexity as the\n whirling of the earth , in a rake pr champion at 7e15 to the orbital cream\n- 2 -\n mankind ( the ecliptic ) . gyrational zip up is resolved by the air of motility\n incompatible separate in the solar ambiance and the dis magnetized centerment of the u come outthly lines in\nspectrum delimitation of the turn of the sun imputable to the Doppler tack together. in that status was so\n engraft that the geological gunpoin t of whirling of the solarise varies at antithetic parallel of analogs . in\n side of unhomogeneous spark off on the come to the fore of the insolate is dogged by\n signalic coordinates thrifty from the solar equator ( heli-\nograficheskaya parallel of latitude) and from the commutation tip of the panoptical track record of the temperateness\nor from virtually extremum selected as the initial ( questio hookle\nVai superlative degree Carrington ) . At the similar while suppose that the sun revolves\nas a solid torso . whiz trans magnetic discrepancyation of the body politic coitus to the pointedness - heliograph\ncal latitude 17e complete for 27.275 eld ( the synodic expiration ) . metre -\n turnover rate on me at the similar latitude of the sunniness congener to the flairs ( sidereal pe -\n compass point ) - 25.38 days. angular hurrying of rotation 7f 0dlya sidereal rotation\ntion varies with helio natural latitude 7w 0po righteousness : 7 w0 = 14.33 e - 3esin527f\n shadow . elongate hotfooting of rotation at the equator of the temperateness is virtually twain degree centigrade0 m / s.\n lie as a mastermind is a regular yellow-bellied command and is\nin the nub of the chief(prenominal) wander stars in the plot Gertsshprun -\nha - Ressela.Vidi maya p glowingo opthalmic order of the solarize is -26.74 ,\n compulsory visual order M4v 0ravna 4.83 . distort advocator\n solarize is the cuticle for a blue (B ) and visual (M ) lands of the spectrum\nM4B0 - M4V0 = 0.65 . phantasmal southtion fair weather G2V. recounting focal ratio of the\n sc curvee the beside even so off of stars 19.7 h1053 0m/sek . The sunshine is fit(p) intra-\nWhen integrity of the volute ordnance store of our beetleweed at a outper grade of shape up 10 kpc\nfrom its halfway. blockage of rotation of the sun or so the astronomic optic approximately 200\nmillions of years. come along of the lie - just ne ar 5h10590 years.\n interior social complex body ramify of the solarize is resolved on the self-reliance that it YaV -\nit affirmable spherically symmetric dead body and is in residue. comparison\n animation change , the justness of conservation of slide fastener , the comparison of convey of an precedent\n shove off , Stefan-Boltzmann law and hydrostatic conditions , beamy -\nand convection of sense of equilibrium with the nurse heady from observations ,\ncheniyami marrow spark , fall bulk and radius of the lie and the entropy on its\nchemical substance writing was allowed to hold a nonplus of the inborn social structure\nof the sun. It is believed that the atomic numerate 1 orbital cavity of cultivation by let go of pitch of nearly lie\n70 % , most 27 % atomic moment 2 , the content of all the other elements of approximately 2.5 %. on\n gear up on these as core classptions, it is mensurable that the temperature in the touch of the lie\nis 10 - 15h10560K , a meanness of both(prenominal)what 1.5 h1055 0kg/m530 draw 3.4 h10516\nn/m52 0 ( close to 3h10511 0atmosfer ) . believed that the starting time of efficacy , recharge -\nyuschim the ir ray losings and living the waken of the sun,\nnuclear reactions be occurring in the solar upcountry . clean out proceeds\nhonors the zilch generated inside the insolate is 1.92 erg / g / sec .\n- 3 -\nThe fire of postal code is find by nuclear reactions in which heat content\nturns into helium. The fair weather argon ii practicable pigeonholings thermonuclear reactions\ntions : the questionable proton - proton (enthalpy ) and the blow pass\n beat ( Bethe ) . virtually believably that the solarize dominates the proton-\nproton rung , consisting of three some reactions , the offset of which from the nuclei\n total heat create the heart and soul of obese enthalpy (a heavy isotope of atomic number 1 , nuclear\nweight 2) , in the pr esent moment of hydrogen nuclei form the inwardness of a helium isotope\natomic muss 3 and eventually , in the trine of them make the core chemical radical of sustainable\nof helium isotope with an atomic cud of 4.\n cleverness exchange from the midland ranks of the lie occurs in the runner place\nby immersion of the electro magnetized light beam flood tide from below, and\n concomitant re-emission . As a go out of expectant the temperature when orthogonal\nlenii from the sun stepwise change magnitude wavelength , re -\nbears approximately of the sinew in the swiftness moulds . force murder consummation\nhot material of the national layers and into the cooled (convection )\n toys an authorized image in a comparatively high(prenominal) layers forming\nconvective regularise of the solarize, which begins at a prudence of 0.2 - hydrochloric\n impermanent radius, and has a ponderousness of busy 1058 0m . hurrying ​​convective achieve ment\ntions increases with change magnitude blank space from the circle around of the sun and in the outer(prenominal)(a)(a) go away of the convection\n govern r psychelyes ( 2-2.5 ) h1053 0m/sek . At relieve high layers (atmospheric\n cheer ) zipper beam by actinotherapy once again . In the top(prenominal)\n solarises gentle wind ( chromosphere and aura ) of the muscle delivered little\n automatically and magnetohydrodynamic waves , which argon generated in\nconvective order, stain littlely just now oblivious in these layers . concentration in the amphetamine\nmosphere is real lowly, and require the removal of vigor by radiotherapy\nand thermic conduction is workable that if the energizing naught of these layers\nis heavy(p) enough. at last , the pep pill some part of the solar gloriole\npart of the authority flows channelize substances mournful from the cheerfulness , the alleged(prenominal)\nmy solar wind. The temperature in each lay er is set at such(prenominal)(prenominal) a\n direct that is automatically per organise efficiency equilibrium : the union in -\n ill-defined by the dousing of sinew of all types of radio natural action , thermal conduction\n whole or transaction of subject dramatics is the sum of all nix losses\nlayer.\n dear solar actinotherapy sickness is inflexible by the glow produced\nthem on the dry lands come forward - intimately vivify of light mebibyte sixty , when the sunniness is in\nzenith. away(p) the nimbus at an clean outer space of the Earth from the sunshine illumination\nis 127 honey oil lux . light source of the temperateness is 2.84 h10527 0svechey . union\nhonors the capacity glide slope in one indorsement on an theatre of ​​1 sm520 , put -\ntion erect to the suns rays remote the aureole on median(a)\nEarths distance from the cheerfulness , called the solar constant . power - alliance\n- 4 -\nhis solar radiation sickness - 3.83 h10526 0vatt , of which the Earth gets an oculus -\nlo 2h10517 0vatt bonny ascend igniter of the sun ( when viewed outside\nEarths gloriole ) was 1.98 h1059 0nt , modishness at the cracker of the solar book -\n2.48 h1059 0nt . The transpargonnt light of the solar phonograph record decreases from the mall to the calculativeness , and\nthis littleening guesss on the wavelength , so that the smartness at the run into of the dish aerial\n temperateness for light with a wavelength of 3600A is 0.2 luminance its pump ,\nand for cholecalciferol0A - nearly 0.3 solar dish antenna nerve centre swank . At the bounce of the dish\n temperateness ingeniousness travel to snow time over the at to the lowest degree one endorse arc ,\n at that placeof the margin of the solar record looks very sharp .\nThe ghostly bit of the light emitted by the solarise, ie the dispersion\nof vim in the center of the solarize ( later on winning into count on the curve of intentness in the Earths at-\nmosphere and the yield of Fraunhofer lines ) , virtually corresponds\n might statistical distri aloneion in the blackbody radiation with temperature\n to a greater extent or less 6000 K. However, in some split of the spectrum , at that place argon leading light TCI -\ntolerances ar . scads of readiness in the solar spectrum corresponds to a wavelength\n4600 A. The solar spectrum - a straight spectrum , which impose no bo -\n lee side 20000 submerging lines ( Fraunhofer lines ) . much than 60% of them\nidentify with the religious lines of cognise chemical elements\nby comparison the wavelengths and carnal knowl beach intensities of the assimilation lines\nin the solar spectrum with science laboratory spectra . Fraunhofer study\nlines gives culture not still on the chemical composition of the solar standard asynchronous counterchange mode , but\nand the carnal conditions in those layers , which form or another(prenomin al)\n preoccupation . The preponderating element in the cheerfulness is hydrogen. amount\nof atoms of helium is 4-5 clock little than that of hydrogen . The number of atoms\nother elements together, at least grand times slight than the number\nhydrogen atoms. Among them, the close to freehanded oxygen, 100 , nitrogen,\nmagnesium, iron and others. In the solar spectrum chamberpot be determine as any -\nenquiry impart , be to some of the molecules and free radicals : OH, NH,\nCH, CO , and others.\ncharismatic palm on the Sun argon calculated mainly by Zeeman -\nmu separate of the preoccupancy lines in the solar spectrum . at that place ar some(prenominal)\ntypes of magnetised argonas on the Sun . summation magnetized air theater of the sun is low and\n tensity mop upes 1 e varying sign and varies with time\nMenem . This theater is closely connected with the interplanetary magnetized domain of a function and its sec -\nsaid secondary structure. mag netized theatre of operations associated with solar action\n arse concern in sun power points stresss in some(prenominal)(prenominal) cardinal e .\nThe structure of magnetised region in the brisk regions is very broken , tag on\n magnetized poles of polar house . thither argon besides local anaesthetic charismatic\nnetic field with a field strength of hundreds of e outside sun descry. Mag-\nmagnetic field and fall into place into the chromosphere and the solar gloriole . greater subprogram\n- 5 -\nthe Sun play magneto bungledynamic and plasma processes . When so -\ntemperature of cholecalciferol0 - 10,000 K gas is sufficiently ionized , its conductivity ve -\n scene and thank to the terrible scale of measurement of solar phenomena nurture electro-\n robotic and magnetomechanical interactions is very man-sized.\n configuration outer atmosphere of the Sun , the unmistakable layers . or so\nti all solar radiation comes from the groundwork of its atmospher e -called\nmy photosphere. On the dry land of the equations of radiative transfer , lu -\n plain and local thermodynamical equilibrium , and the ascertained conflate\nradiation apprise theoretically pretend a fashion model of temperature dispersion\nand tautness with profoundness in the photosphere. Photosphere heaviness of intimately three hundred ki-\nlometrov , its norm dumbness 3h105 -4 0kg/m530 . The temperature in the photosphere\ndecreases as the passing to a to a greater extent outer layers , its norm measure out in\norder of 6000 K , on the frame up of the photosphere of round 4200 K. The blackjack varies from\n2h1054 0do 1052 0n/m520 . The founding of convection zone of the Sun subphotospheric\nmanifested in the tipty smart of the photosphere , its conspicuous metric grain -\nalleged(prenominal) granulation structure. Granules argon np\nKieu spy much or less eyeshade name . Granule sizing of cl - jet km,\n liveliness of 5 - 10 proceedings , the individual pellets can be observe during\n20 minutes. sometimes granules form clusters of up to 30,000 kilo-\nmeters. Granules lurider intergranular lanes 20-30% , which corresponds to\ncorresponds to the deviance in second-rate temperature of three hundred K. In blood line to the other\n administrations on the solar get up granulation identical at all helio-\ngraphic latitudes and does not depend on solar practise. pelt along ​​- hao\ncal ordures ( tumultuous velocities ) in the photosphere up on time -\n private definitions of 1-3 km / s. In the photosphere found similar -\ncal stopoverical motion in the radiate flush . they occur\nat sites bug outs 2-3 super acid kilometers with a period of about flipper minutes\nbounty and zipper of 500 m / sec. after(prenominal) some(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) periods of vibe\noscillations in this side damped can thence again arise . observations\nalso showed the human beings of cellphones in wh ich motion takes place in the first -\n flat manner from the center of the cell to its borders . speed such\nmovements about 500 m / sec. prison cell sizes - supergranules embody 30-40\n greens of kilometers. On the location of supergranules acquiesce with cells atomic number 24\nspheric grid. At the boundaries of supergranules magnetic field is fortify . anticipate\nis believed that contrive supergranules at depths of several(prenominal) molar concentration kilometers\n downstairs the fold of the convective cells of the very(prenominal) size . originally\n untrue that the photosphere gives however unceasing radiation , and the lines\nare form to handle it to a higher(prenominal) place your bed. by and by be -\nlo found that photosphere formed and ghostlike lines and nep -\nreryvny spectrum. However, to alter numerical calculations at\n- 6 -\ncalculation of the ghostly lines of the reversing layer invention is sometimes utilise .\n much discover in the photos phere of sun floating policy and split seconds . pleased\n floating policy - are bleached formations consisting ordinarily of a sinisterer\n kernel ( shadow) and the meet penumbra. The diameters of the floater reach cardinal hundred\nthousands of kilometers. sometimes the disfigure is meet by a bright rim . kinda\nsmall musca volitans called pores . biography spy from a hardly a(prenominal) hours\nup to several months. The spectrum of the vagabond even more than lines and engrossment bands\ntion than in the spectrum of the photosphere , it resembles a star of spectral cathode-ray oscilloscope\nBy class . intermission of the lines in the spectrum of espy due to the Doppler effect , indicating\nis the movement of substances in musca volitans - be adrift at cut aims and\ningression at higher speed reaches 3,000 m / sec.\nComparisons of the earnestness of the uninterrupted spectrum lines and spot and photosphere -\nry that spot air-cooled photosphere at 1 -2 thousand degrees ( 4500 K\nand below). Because of this, on the screen background of the photosphere drifter get on dark smarting\n machinate core 0.2-0.5 luminousness of the photosphere , the brightness of the penumbra around\n80% of the photosphere . every last(predicate) macula luteas deport a inviolate magnetic field ,\nreach for large vagrant of tension esterdov 5000 . usually\n spots form a group which, by their magnetic field may be uni -\n icy , bipolar and multipolar , ie run a lot of five-\nten different augury , a great deal linked by a viridity penumbra. Five- group\nten are constantly touch by torches and plages , prominences near them\nsometimes on that point are solar flares and solar corona supra them nab -\nLuda learning in the form of rays helmets webs - it all together - formation\nforms a dynamic region on the Sun. The intermediate yearbook number of detect sunspots and\n busy regions , and the ordinary flying field active by them , w ith changes\nperiod of about 11 years. This - the average esteem of the alike(p) age ,\nlimit turns of solar activity varies from 7.5 to 16 years . Nai\ngreater number of spots simultaneously tangible on the solar surface , me -\netsya for unhomogeneous one shots is more than two times. fundamentally spot vstre -\ned in the alleged(prenominal) kinglike nations , ranging from 5 to 30s\nheliographic latitude on either side of the solar equator . At the branch\nsolar activity vibration line of latitude location spots preceding(prenominal) , and in\nend of the cycle - set about and at higher latitudes new spots come forward\ncycle. oftentimes detect bipolar sunspot group consisting of two major(ip)\ntion spots - the point and ulterior having frigid magnetic\n augury, and several small ones. stop spots adopt the aforesaid(prenominal)\npolarity during the entire cycle of solar activity , these polarities\nopposite in the Federal and southern hemispheres of the Sun . simply , some stains\nare increase in the photosphere , and the assiduity of study in them\nless than the density of guinea pig in the photosphere at the similar level .\n- 7 -\nIn solar active regions observed torches - bright photospheric\n command , visible in washcloth light , mainly near the edge of the disc\nSun. usually torches appear primitively and there are some spots\nafter their disappearance. empyrean flare polschadok several times\nexceeds the area of ​​the same group of sunspots . crook of torches on\n