The Rivalry Between Nomads and Settled People in Asia

The relationship between settled peoples and nomads has been one of the great engines driving human history since the invention of agriculture and the first formation of towns and cities.  It has played out most grandly, perhaps, across the vast expanse of Asia. North African historian and philosopher Ibn Khaldun (1332-1406) writes about the dichotomy between townsfolk and nomads in The Muqaddimah.  He claims that nomads are savage and similar to wild animals, but also braver and more pure of heart than city dwellers.   Sedentary people are much concerned with all kinds of pleasures.  They are accustomed to luxury and success in worldly occupations and to indulgence in worldly desires.   By contrast, nomads go alone into the desert, guided by their fortitude, putting their trust in themselves.  Fortitude has become a character quality of theirs, and courage their nature. Neighboring groups of nomads and settled people may share bloodlines and even a common language, as with Arabic-speaking Bedouins and their citified cousins.  Throughout Asian history, however, their vastly different lifestyles and cultures have led to both periods of trade and times of conflict. Trade Between Nomads and Towns Compared with townspeople and farmers, nomads have relatively few material possessions.  Items they have to trade may include furs, meat, milk products, and livestock (such as horses).  They need metal goods such as cooking pots, knives, sewing needles, and weapons, as well as grains or fruit, cloth, and other products of sedentary life.  Lightweight luxury items, such as jewelry and silks, may have great value in nomadic cultures, as well.  Thus, there is a natural trade imbalance between the two groups. Nomads often need or want more of the goods that settled people produce than the other way around. Nomadic people have often served as traders or guides in order to earn consumer goods from their settled neighbors.  All along the Silk Road that spanned Asia, members of different nomadic or semi-nomadic peoples such as the Parthians, the Hui, and the Sogdians specialized in leading caravans across the steppes and deserts of the interior. They sold the goods in the cities of China, India, Persia, and Turkey.  On the Arabian Peninsula, the Prophet Muhammad himself was a trader and caravan leader during his early adulthood.  Traders and camel drivers served as bridges between the nomadic cultures and the cities, moving between the two worlds and conveying material wealth back to their nomadic families or clans. In some cases, settled empires established trade relations with neighboring nomadic tribes.  China often organized these relationships as a tribute. In return for acknowledging the Chinese emperors overlordship, a nomadic leader would be allowed to exchange his peoples goods for Chinese products.  During the early Han era, the nomadic Xiongnu were such a formidable threat that the tributary relationship ran in the opposite direction: the Chinese sent tribute and Chinese princesses to the Xiongnu in return for a guarantee that the nomads would not raid Han cities. Conflicts Between Settled People and Nomads When trade relations broke down, or a new nomadic tribe moved into an area, conflict erupted.  This might take the form of small raids on outlying farms or unfortified settlements.  In extreme cases, entire empires fell.  Conflict pitted the organization and resources of the settled people against the mobility and courage of the nomads.  The settled people often had thick walls and heavy guns on their side.  The nomads benefited from having very little to lose. In some cases, both sides lost when the nomads and city dwellers clashed.  The Han Chinese managed to smash the Xiongnu state in 89 CE, but the cost of fighting the nomads sent the Han Dynasty into an irreversible decline.   In other cases, the ferocity of the nomads gave them sway over vast swathes of land and numerous cities.  Genghis Khan and the Mongols built the largest land empire in history, motivated by anger over an insult from the Emir of Bukhara and by the desire for loot.  Some of Genghiss descendants, including Timur (Tamerlane) built similarly impressive records of conquest.  Despite their walls and artillery, the cities of Eurasia fell to horsemen armed with bows.   Sometimes, the nomadic peoples were so adept at conquering cities that they themselves became the emperors of settled civilizations.  The Mughal emperors of India were descended from Genghis Khan and from Timur, but they set themselves up in Delhi and Agra and became city dwellers.  They did not grow decadent and corrupt by the third generation, as Ibn Khaldun predicted, but they did go into a decline soon enough. Nomadism Today As the world grows more populated, settlements are taking over open spaces and hemming in the few remaining nomadic peoples.  Out of about seven billion humans on Earth today, only an estimated 30 million are nomadic or semi-nomadic.  Many of the remaining nomads live in Asia. Approximately 40 percent of Mongolias three million people are nomadic. In Tibet, 30 percent of the ethnic Tibetan people are nomads.  All across the Arab world, 21 million Bedouin live their traditional lifestyle.  In Pakistan and Afghanistan, 1.5 million of the Kuchi people continue to live as nomads.  Despite the Soviets best efforts, hundreds of thousands of people in Tuva, Kyrgyzstan, and Kazakhstan continue to live in yurts and follow the herds.  The Raute people of Nepal also maintain their nomadic culture, though their numbers have fallen to about 650. At present, it looks as though the forces of settlement are effectively squeezing out the nomads around the world.  However, the balance of power between city-dwellers and wanderers has shifted innumerable times in the past.  Who can say what the future holds? Sources Di Cosmo, Nicola. Ancient Inner Asian Nomads: Their Economic Basis and Its Significance in Chinese History. The Journal of Asian Studies, Vol. 53, No. 4, November 1994. Khaldun, Ibn Ibn. The Muqaddimah: An Introduction to History - Abridged Edition (Princeton Classics). Paperback, Abridged edition, Princeton University Press, April 27, 2015. Russell, Gerard. Why Nomads Win: What Ibn Khaldun Would Say about Afghanistan. Huffington Post, April 11, 2010.

Mountain Lion Facts (Puma concolor)

The mountain lion (Puma concolor) is the second largest cat in the Americas after the jaguar. While its a big animal, the mountain lion is actually the largest small cat. Its more closely related to the domestic cat than to the lion or tiger. Puma concolor holds the Guinness World Record for the animal with the most common names. It is known as the mountain lion, cougar, puma, catamount, and about 40 other names in English. In keeping with its Linnaean name, scientists call the cat a puma. Fast Facts: Mountain Lion Scientific Name: Puma concolorCommon Names: Mountain lion, puma, cougar, pantherBasic Animal Group: Mammal Size: 4.9-9.0 feetWeight: 121-150 poundsLifespan: 8-10 yearsDiet: CarnivoreHabitat: The AmericasPopulation: 50,000Conservation Status: Least Concern Description The mountain lion is the fourth largest cat in the world after the tiger, lion, and jaguar. The cats coat is tawny on top and lighter on the belly, leading the name mountain lion. Males and females look similar, but males tend to be larger. Males average around 7.9 feet from nose to tail tip, while females average 6.7 feet in length. In general, adults range from 4.9 to 9.0 feet long. Males weigh 117 to 220 pounds (average 150 pounds), while females weigh between 64 and 141 pounds (average 121 pounds). Although mountain lions are large, they are not considered to be big cats because they cannot roar. However, they can produce a distinctive scream known as caterwauling. Habitat and Distribution The mountain lion has the largest range of any terrestrial American animal. It is adapted to diverse habitats from the Yukon in Canada down to the southern Andes in South America. In North America, mountain lions have been extirpated in the eastern half of the continent, with the exception of the Florida panther. Diet and Behavior Like other cats, the mountain lion is an obligate carnivore. While deer are its most important food source, the mountain lion will kill and eat anything it can catch, ranging from insects all they way up in size to moose. The mountain lion is an ambush predator that stalks its prey and pounces. It uses its bite to break its victims neck or else suffocate it. Following a successful hunt, the mountain lion drags its prey to a cache and hides it with brush. It returns to the cache to feed over the course of several days. Like most cats, mountain lions are crepuscular and tend to hunt before dawn and after dusk. Reproduction and Offspring Mountain lions are solitary except during mating and, for females, when caring for cubs. Although females are in estrus for 8 days of a 23-day cycle, they usually have only one litter every two or three years. After mating, the pair separates. Gestation last 91 days. The female seeks a cave or other protected space to give birth and rear her young. She most often gives birth to two cubs, although a litter may range from one to six cubs. The kittens are born blind and have spotted coats. When the cats eyes first open, they are blue. Cubs are weaned around three months of age and remain with their mother at least two years. Juveniles lose their spots around two and a half years of age. On average, one in five kittens survives to adulthood. Females become sexually mature between one and a half to three years of age. Males must establish their own territory before they can mate. In the wild, the average life expectancy of a mountain lion is 8 to 10 years. The cats may live much longer in captivity. Here, the average lifespan is about 20 years, but one cat died just short of its 30th birthday. Mountain lion kittens are spotted and have blue eyes. Jeff Wendorff / Getty Images Hybrids The mountain lion and a leopard can mate to produce a hybrid called a pumapard. Pumapards exhibit dwarfism and grow to about half the size of their parents. The hybrids have bodies of pumas, but with unusually short legs. The coat pattern is more similar to that of the leopard. The base color is tawny or gray with either brown or faded rosettes. Conservation Status The IUCN categorizes the mountain lions conservation status as least concern. The IUCN estimates fewer than 50,000 cats remain in the breeding population and the number continues to decline. Threats Mountain lions face multiple threats to their survival. Human encroachment has led to habitat loss, habitat degradation, and diminished prey availability. Breeding populations are becoming increasingly isolated and at risk of inbreeding depression. While the cat is protected in part of its range, hunting remains common in many countries, including the United States and Canada. Mountain lions are also susceptible to feline immunodeficiency virus, which may be spread by domestic cats. Mountain Lions and Humans Mountain lions rarely attack humans because people are not recognized as prey, but the number of attacks has been increasing. As of 2004, 88 attacks and 20 deaths had been recorded in North America since 1890. Most attacks occur when humans encroach on a cats territory or when the feline is starving. Children are much more likely to be attacked than adults. If threatened by a mountain lion, the best defense is to fight back. Running away, standing still, or playing dead are all ineffective strategies. Mountain lions are occasionally kept as pets, although there are cases of the cats attacking their handlers. A pet puma named Messi has a large following on YouTube. Healthy mountain lions usually do not view people as prey. DOUGBERRY / Getty Images Sources Beier, Paul. Cougar attacks on humans in the United States and Canada. Wildlife Society Bulletin. 19: 403–412, 1991.Nielsen, C.; Thompson, D.; Kelly, M.; Lopez-Gonzalez, C. A. Puma concolor. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN. 2015 (errata version published in 2016): e.T18868A97216466. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T18868A50663436.enSubramanian, Sushma. Should You Run or Freeze When You See a Mountain Lion?. Scientific American, April 14, 2009.Sweanor, Linda L.; Logan, Kenneth A.; Hornocker, Maurice G. Puma responses to close approaches by researchers. Wildlife Society Bulletin. 33 (3): 905–913, 2005. doi:10.2193/0091-7648(2005)33[905:PRTCAB]2.0.CO;2Â  Wozencraft, W.C. Order Carnivora. In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 544–45, 2005. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0.

Hw Chapter4 Essay - 1543 Words

5.4. You have found three investment choices for a one-year deposit: 10% APR Compounded monthly, 10% APR compounded annually, and 9% APR compounded daily. Compute the EAR for each investment choice. (Assume that there are 365 days in the year.) Sol: 1+EAR= (1+r/k)k So, for 10% APR compounded monthly, the EAR is 1+EAR= (1+0.1/12)12 = 1.10471 =gt; EAR= 10.47% For 10% compounded annually, the EAR is 1+EAR= (1+0.1)=1.1 * EAR= 10% (remains the same). For 9% compounded daily 1+EAR= (1+0.09/365)365 = 1.09416 * EAR= 9.4% 5-8. You can earn $50 in interest on a $1000 deposit for eight months. If the EAR is the same regardless of the length of the investment, how much interest will you earn on a $1000 deposit for a. 6 months.†¦show more content†¦So by switching credit cards we are able to spend an extra 31, 250 − 25, 000 = $6, 250. We do not have to pay taxes on this amount of new borrowing, so this is our after-tax benefit of switching cards. 5-28. Consider a project that requires an initial investment of $100,000 and will produce a single cash flow of $150,000 in five years. a. What is the NPV of this project if the five-year interest rate is 5% (EAR)? b. What is the NPV of this project if the five-year interest rate is 10% (EAR)? c. What is the highest five-year interest rate such that this project is still profitable? Sol: a. NPV = –100,000 + 150,000 / 1.055 = $17,529. b. NPV = –100,000 + 150,000 / 1.105 = –$6862. Here we need to calculate the IRR. Therefore, IRR = (150,000 / 100,000)1/5 – 1 = 8.45%. 5-32. Suppose the current one-year interest rate is 6%. One year from now, you believe the economy will start to slow and the one-year interest rate will fall to 5%. In two years, you expect the economy to be in the midst of a recession, causing the Federal Reserve to cut interest rates drastically and the one-year interest rate to fall to 2%. The one-year interest rate will then rise to 3% the following year, and continue to rise by 1% per year until it returns to 6%, where it will remain from then on. a. If you were certain regarding these future interest rate changes, what two-year interest rate would be consistent with these expectations? b. What current

Spatial Perception Of Visual Sense On How The Drive A Car

AHCI Assignment 1 Reno Kim Spatial perception of visual sense on â€Å"How to drive a car† 1. Always start your car with your foot on the brake. 2. Put on your seatbelt. 3. Turn on the engine and release the parking brake, if necessary. 4. Learn how to back your car out. 5. When you re ready to move your car forward, come to a complete stop and shift the car into Drive. Put your foot on the brake pedal, shift your car into Drive so that it can begin to move forward, and then take your foot off the brake pedal. Slowly press down on the acceleration pedal with your foot to get the car to move forward. Accelerate until you ve reached the speed limit, and then take your foot off the acceleration, hovering it over the brake pedal in case you need to start breaking. 6. Hold both hands on the steering wheel at the 9 and 3 position. Introduction Perception is how an organism detects and interprets the external world. There are five senses - smell, taste sound, touch and sight. Of the five senses, sight is highly complex and requires the largest proportion of total brain power. The brain dedicates much of the cerebral cortex, directly and indirectly, to support visual processing with senses like proprioception and memory (Al-chalabi, Turner, Delamont, 2006). Spatial perception of the visual sense is crucial in making the distinction from stationary and moving states while driving. It also aids with the sense of where you are on the road relative to objects orShow MoreRelatedDescription Of The Fallen Tree Branch1800 Words   |  8 Pagescerebral cortex and is involved in decision making, judgment, planning, slight movement, and behavior. When driving, the frontal lobe helps anticipate certain dangers such as a zigzagging car or a fallen tree branch lying in the middle of the road. The frontal lobe allows the driver to make a decision on how to act accordingly to each situation. 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Essay about Toronto Sun - 754 Words

| | | | | | | | INTRODUCTION This preliminary project scope statement defines the scope of The Toronto Sun Caribana Parade Project. The project deals with managing a major sponsorship event for the Toronto sun and its presence in the city’s annual caribana parade, on Aug 2, 2008 at 10:00AM. The main challenge is to make the company’s float a success. The Toronto sun earned its place in the parade as the primary media sponsor for the event. Pulling the company’s float from the biggest event in the city would mean gaining valuable marketing exposure. PRODUCT amp; PROJECT OBJECTIVES Project objective is to manage Toronto Sun’s involvement at the Caribana Festival before August 2, 2008 (within 40 days) which includes:-†¦show more content†¦* Scope Constraint The project has many deliverables dependent on many stakeholders (internal amp; external). * Cost Constraint Cost not to be exceeded by $400 cash and contra advertisements only. 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Three Great Historical Leaders free essay sample

Many great historical leaders live up to the quote â€Å"With great power comes great responsibility†(Voltaire). In order to become a great leader, you need to have characteristics to be able to rule your country. Suleiman, Nelson Mandela and Queen Elizabeth 1st all exhibit characteristics of great leadership by inspiring their people and being well educated in literature and history. Suleiman, Nelson Mandela and Queen Elizabeth 1st all exhibit characteristics of great leadership by inspiring their people. Suleiman’s nickname was not the magnificent for no reason. He was a destructive military leader and â€Å"he was feared but also admired by his people†(Suleiman the Magnificent). By taking Istanbul and creating his own empire, he earned the name â€Å"the Lawgiver† by his people meaning that they accepted him as their notorious leader. Suleiman stroke fear into the hearts of his enemies and â€Å"always rode at the head of his army to inspire his troops†(Suleiman the Magnificent). We will write a custom essay sample on Three Great Historical Leaders or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This told his troops to continue on and as long as he never gives up and continues fighting with all his might, they should too. Now Nelson Mandela was no notorious leader but he did achieve some great things for his people and his country. Against all odds, Mandela fought this new South African policy called apartheid and â€Å"spoke out against the injustice of white domination†(Nelson Mandela).Although he was put in jail for his acts against the government, â€Å"Mandela never lost his spirit or determination†(Nelson Mandela). He told his people to fight for what they believe in and that we should all strive for a free society with the same opportunities. The people heard him and the struggle for freedom ended when they chose him to be South Africa’s new president. Queen Elizabeth 1st is known to be the greatest sovereignty of England. She influenced her people to be well educated and â€Å"encouraged scientific thinking†(Queen Elizabeth 1st). With the se effects, explorers such as Sir Francis Drake and Walter Raleigh expanded the British Empire. To her people, Queen Elizabeth was a good and wise ruler and she was loved throughout her empire. With her environment being intelligent loyal advisors, Queen Elizabeth set an example to her people and â€Å"gave sound political device to her people†(Queen Elizabeth 1st).By ruling a fair government and using her education to teach people, the British society was advanced and very sophisticated. These 3 people exhibit characteristics of great leadership by being well educated in literature and history. With Suleiman, Istanbul became one of the most cultured cities in the world. Suleiman used artists and philosophers to represent their ideas, along with â€Å"Suleiman himself being a prolific poet and writer†(Suleiman the Magnificent). Suleiman provided art societies to artists that soon became a part of the royal circle that â€Å"provided training systems for artists†(Suleiman the Magnificent). These training systems developed into artists being able to get paid a reasonable amount and live in an aristocratic culture. Suleiman created â€Å"an efficient legal system and a well-organized government†(Suleiman the Magnificent) by using what he learned with literature and artistic culture. When Suleiman died, he left a strong civilization and a strong military. When it comes to Nelson Mandela, he turned a dream into a reality. When they put him in jail, â €Å"prisoners benefited from spending time with him by learning history and political strategy†(Nelson Mandela). Mandela spread the word about the corruption in the government in the prison and was commemorated by naming the prison Mandela University. By being well educated, Mandela was able to work along with President F.W de Klerk to â€Å"persuade white South Africans to work for change with black South Africans†(Nelson Mandela). Mandela spoke for the good of both white and black citizens of South Africa. Queen Elizabeth was a gifted scholar who knew how to speak multiple languages. Literacy Rates increased with her as queen and â€Å"great poets and playwrights, such as William Shakespeare created works that are still greatly admired†(Queen Elizabeth 1st). Education played a critical role in the life of Queen Elizabeth. With an early lead on literature and history, she was â€Å"highly accomplished in the art of rhetoric and public relations†(Queen El izabeth 1st). This helped her defeat the Spanish Armada with armed vessels and navy ships. With Queen Elizabeth in reign, the British society had great achievements in Art. To conclude, these 3 people were one of the most commonly known leaders in the world. Specific characteristics are what made them so successful. Suleiman, Nelson Mandela and Queen Elizabeth 1st all exhibit characteristics of great leadership by inspiring their people and being well educated in literature and history.

Irac of Negligence free essay sample

Introduction: In Rebecca ‘Zorba’s’ Restaurant case, the main issue is whether negligence exists of the defendant? There are three prerequisites must be present before the tort of negligence can arise: a duty of care must be owed by one person to another; there must be a breach of that duty of care; and damage must have been suffered as a result of the breach of duty. (FoBL, 2005, p70) In addition, another element must be satisfied to prove negligence is the causation. This essay will analysis Rebecca v. ‘Zorba’s’ with these four issues. IRAC Process No. 1Does ‘Zorba’s’ Restaurant own a duty of care to Rebecca Disasteropoulos? There are two common factors that must exist before the law says a duty of care exists, which are foreseeability and proximity. Firstly, in discussing the incidence of a duty of care, a historical case that defines the ‘neighbour principle’ must be taken into account – the case of Donoghue v. We will write a custom essay sample on Irac of Negligence or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Stevenson[1]. The decision of this case developed a principle which has become known as the ‘neighbor principle’ by Lord Atkin that the neighbor means the closely and directly person by another’s act. FoBL, 2005, p68) Secondly, it must be foreseeable that the omission of the defendant could cause harm to the plaintiff. An objective test is used through the question, whether a reasonable person would foresee the damage occurring from the defendant. According to the case of Hay or Bourhill v. Young[2], it is not necessary to foresee the actual damage that will occur. It is enough if it can be shown that some types of damage could arise as a result of the defendant’s conduct. (FoBL, 2005, p68) In addition, proximity that requires care to be taken must exist.Proximity involves the notion of nearness or closeness and embrace physical proximity between the person or property of the plaintiff and the person and property of the defendant†¦causal proximity in the sense of closeness or directness of the relationship between the particular act or cause and the injury sustained† (Deana J. Jaensch v. Coffey)[3]. According to the case of Donoghue v. Stevenson[4], even there is no contractual relationship between these two parties, a duty of care still exists.Thus it can be seen that the duty of care will be owed because the action of the restaurant that they did not remove all the liquid from the floor has already affected the harm to their customers, and the relationship between Rebecca and the restaurant is the suppliers of services and customers. ‘Zorba’s’ Restaurant will be liable to compensate Rebecca if the duty of care is breached. IRAC Process No. 2 Is the duty of care breached by the defendant, ‘Zorba’s’ Restaurant? The second element required to prove negligence is that a duty of care has been breached.There are four factors must be taken in to account to determine whether there has been a breach, which are likelihood of injury, gravity of injury, if injury did occur, amount of effort required to remove the risk of injury and social utility of the defendant’s conduct. (Fo BL, 2005, p75) In the first place, the likelihood of injury is the degree of the risk of damage. According to the case of Bolton v. Stone[5], it was a slight possibility of harm, so the court held that the defendant was not liable for damages. This decision was explained by Lord Red of the Privy Council. FoBL, 2005, p75) However, some cases may not be ignored, like the case of Rebecca v. ‘Zorba’s’ Restaurant. Secondly, the gravity of injury must be relevant. ‘If the activity in which the plaintiff is engaged is particularly dangerous, this requires warning. ’ (FoBL, 2005, p75) According to the case of Waverley Municipal Council v. Swain[6], the defendant failed to warn the plaintiff that his activity has an occurred risk, which led the plaintiff to become a quadriplegic. And the court decided that was a negligent.In addition, the third element is the amount of effort that would be required to eliminate the risk. ‘If it is relatively easy to remove the risk and would cause little expense and inconvenience, then this may be required a breach of a duty of care. ’ (FoBL, 2005, p76), the case of Woods v. Multi-Sport Holdings Pty Ltd[7] could prove this element. The last factor is the social utility of the defendant’s conduct, which means the benefit of conduct must be assessed against the gravity of the risk of injury; the case of Watt v. Herfordshire[8] case set an example to this factor.In this case, there is no relevance to this factor. As a result, the supplier of ‘Zorba’s’ Restaurant did not conduct the sufficient action to remove the potential risk to the customers, and the restaurant did not put any warning like notice board to admonish their customer, it is most likely that the restaurant had been breached of the duty of care. IRAC Process No. 3 Does the defendant’s breach of duty cause the loss sustained by the plaintiff? The third element that must be satisfied to prove negligence is the causation of the damage.To determine the issue of causation, the law has created a test called ‘but for’ by Lord Denning in the case of Cork v. Kirby Maclean Ltd[9], ‘If you can say that the damage would not have happened but for a particular fault, then that fault is in fact a cause of the damage; but if you can say that the damage would have happened just the same, fault or no fault, then the fault is no a cause of the damage. ’ (FoBL, 2005, p78) In this case, the injury of Rebecca was caused by the lack of care of the restaurant.The waiter did not remove all the liquid off from the dance floor, this action lead to Rebecca’s damage. So the negligence of the defendant is the causation for the breach of duty of care. IRAC Process No. 4 Is there any defenses can be rise? There are two defences to an action in negligence: contributory negligence and voluntary assumption of risk. (FoBL, 2005, p83) This case only involves contributory negligence. According to section 26 of the Wrongs Act 1958 (Vic. ), the result of a successful plea of contributory negligence will be an apportionment of damages.So, if a defendant is a negligent without any contributory negligence by the plaintiff, the plaintiff will receive 100 per cent of the damage, but if the plaintiff is held to be contributory negligent to the extent of 40 per cent, then the plaintiff will only receive 60 per cent of the damage. (FoBL, 2005, p84) For instance, the case of Liftronic Pty Ltd v. Unver[10], the defendant (Liftronic Pty Ltd) was found liable in negligence but Unver’s damages were reduced by 60 per cent due to his contributory negligence. In this case, Rebecca had seen the waiter wiping the floor, and assumed that all of the moisture had been cleared away.Then she did not ask the waiter about the damp floor, continue to dance vigorously. Therefore, the defendant could apportion part of damages by contributory negligence. Conclusion: To sum up, based on the law of negligence, the issues and precedents, Rebecca could win this case by legal process. Because the defendant ‘Zorba’s’ Restaurant owns a duty of care to Rebecca, the restaurant has breached that duty of care; and Rebecca suffered damages as a result of ‘Zorba’s’ Restaurant’s breach of her duty of care. However, the plaintiff – Rebecca Disasteropoulos also held partly to blame her negligence.